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- Penguins: the eyes have it! LIFE SCIENCES
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- Myopic little men in tuxedos, or highly efficient
- land/water animals? Recent research indicates
- there's more to penguins than meets the eye.
-
- If you've every wondered what it would be like to
- be able to see as clearly under water as you can on
- land, just ask the nearest penguin.Most aquatic
- animals are short-sighted on land. Most
- terrestrial animals (and that includes us) are
- far-sighted under water. But researchers have
- discovered that penguins can apparently see equally
- well in both environments, because of the unique
- structure of their eyes.
-
- Penguins have to be able to see well under water
- because their diet consists mainly of plankton,
- molluscs, crustaceans, and the inevitable fish.
- Through a special slowing-down of their heart rate
- they're able, like many other diving animals, to
- stay submerged long enough to search out and chase
- whatever catches their fancy.
-
- On dry land, it's a different story-or has been up
- to now. Waddling along on their flat little feet,
- eyes fixed intently on the ground, penguins appear
- myopic, inefficient and generally out of place.
-
- In fact the reverse is true. During a recent stay
- on the Falkland Islands, a Canadian researcher
- discovered that penguins are able to recognize
- individuals and navigate the rocky terrain on which
- they live quite well. Long of body and short of
- leg, they probably poke their heads forward as an
- aid to balance. And as for looking at the ground,
- they're merely-like us-keeping an eye on where
- they're going.
-
- The human eye is adapted for aerial vision, which
- is why scuba divers-or even you and I in the local
- swimming pool-must wear goggles or a face mask to
- re-introduce air in front of our eyes in order to
- see clearly.
-
- Among vertebrates in general, the bird eye is
- frequently described as the most efficient. Its
- superior quality, combined with the fact that a
- large number of birds-cormorants, pelicans,
- seagulls, even ducks, as well as penguins-get their
- food from water, obviously deserved research beyond
- that possible in a controlled environment such as
- an aquarium or zoo. Professor Jacob Sivak of the
- University of Waterloo and his associate, Professor
- Howard Howland of Cornell University, had a chance
- to do that research recently. Their trip had but
- one purpose-to study the structure of penguins'
- eyes while observing their natural habitat.
-
- The Falkland Islands, off the coast of Argentina,
- offered this opportunity, being one the few areas
- outside Antarctica where penguins can be found in
- large numbers. Three of the 16 known species were
- located there: the Gentoo, which live on flat
- areas right off the beach; the Magellan (also
- called Jackass), which live in burrows; and the
- Rock-hoppers, which live among the rocks along the
- cliffs.
-
- The Rock-hoppers were by far the most common,
- having a population of well over 100,000. The
- general rule is, the smaller the penguin, the
- meaner the temperament, and the researchers did
- witness the odd fight. Their flippers may look
- pretty useless out of water, but it's not smart to
- play around with a penguin. Hel'll stand his
- ground in a face-off and if you're foolish enough
- to get too close, those flippers can knock you
- flat.
-
- Dr. Sivak and his associate, however, had little
- trouble. Rock-hoppers always congregate in fairly
- tight groups, as a defense against predatory birds
- such as the skua (a large seagull that thinks it's
- a hawk), and two more upright figures in their
- midst didn't seem to bother them.
-
- Standing as close to their subjects as 0.3m, the
- scientists used two devices: one, developed by
- Professor Howland, to take photographs of the
- penguins' eyes; the othger, developed by Dr. Sivak,
- to shine a series of concentric circles on the
- cornea and give a measurement of how reflections of
- objects are altered by curvature of the eye.
-
- Despite the fact all the work had to be done at
- night-the only time the penguins' pupils were
- dilated enough-the results were worth it.
- Comparison of the photographs with similar photos
- of human eyes, and study of the internal structure
- of the eyes of creatures discovered killed by seal
- lions, proved the scientists' theory that the
- penguin's eyes are the secret of its survival.
-
- In general terms, a penguin eye and a human eye are
- almost identical. Both have the same components
- necessary for vision-a cornea through which light
- can enter; an iris which controls the amount of
- light that enters; and a crystalline lens that
- focuses the light onto the back of the eye where a
- specialized membrane, the retina, receives it and
- passes the message along the optic nerve to the
- brain for interpretation.
-
- In the penguin eye, hoever, there are many subtle
- differences. The cornea, for example, is markedly
- flattened compared to ours -- so much so that it
- almost resembles a window-pane. This greatly
- alters the angle at which light can enter the eye
- and is very important for underwater swimming, when
- light enters the eye obliquely through a medium
- (water) whose density is quite different to the
- density of air.
-
- The penguin iris is controlled by a very powerful
- muscle which is able to drastically alter the shape
- of the lens attached to it, depending on whether
- the penguin is in or out of the water. The lens,
- comparatively larger than ours and differently
- shaped, focuses the light coming through the
- flattened cornea onto the retinal body at the back
- of the eye. In this way, the penguin eye adapts to
- whatever medium it happens to be in at the time.
-
- Interestingly, there was no evidence of eye
- problems (apart from one incident of blindness due
- to injury) in the group of penguins studied. Of
- course penguins don't read, watch TV or encounter
- any of the numerous irritants we land-bound animals
- subject ourselves-or are subjected-to during our
- lifetime.
-
- Both the testing devices and methods used in this
- study are easily adaptable for use with human eyes,
- paving the way for fast, easy identification of eye
- problems. Also, the researchers hope that the
- insights they've gained into how animals deal with
- two environments may lead to knowledge of how humans,
- in the future, might do likewise.
-
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- PENGUINS (C) 1987 Ontario Science Centre.
- May be duplicated for use on other information
- services.
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